No. 81-1033.United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.Submitted October 13, 1981.
Decided December 23, 1981.
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Paul L. Douglas, Atty. Gen., Lynne Rae Fritz, J. Kirk Brown (argued), Asst. Attys. Gen., Lincoln, Neb., for appellants.
Jerry David Slominski, Lincoln, Neb., for appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska.
Before HEANEY and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges, and OLIVER,[*]
Senior District Judge.
JOHN W. OLIVER, Senior District Judge.
I.
[1] Bobby Lee Maxwell, an inmate at the Nebraska State Penitentiary, brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the district court against Warden Robert F. Parratt, Deputy Warden Thomas K. Mason, Correctional Lieutenant Jerry Wright, and other employees of the penitentiary.[1] The case was tried to the court without a jury. Defendants Mason and Wright appeal the district court’s[2] judgment against them which awarded plaintiff $1,400.00 in compensatory damages.[3] We affirm.
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[4] II. The Eighth Amendment Violation
[5] Appellants first contend the district court erred in equating confinement in undershorts with total nudity and in failing to evaluate the totality of the circumstances of plaintiff’s confinement in concluding that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment.
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[10] While this statement might give the impression that the district court based its conclusion solely on the fact that Maxwell was required to spend fourteen days in his undershorts, in the context of the record as a whole, that was clearly but one of the circumstances considered by the district court. [11] The district court expressly relied on Wycoff v. Brewer, 572 F.2d 1260, 1263 (8th Cir. 1978), wherein the following conditions prevailed:I find the evidence credible and I credit the evidence to the effect that this plaintiff, for fourteen days, was deprived of any kind of bedding other than a mattress or any clothing except some underwear shorts or pants, which the court finds would be the same as if he had no underpants or shorts. (emphasis added)
[T]he inmate] was confined completely nude; the cell was or could be darkened; the inmate had no bedding or cover. While the cell contained a sink and a commode, in some circumstances the inmate was not provided with toilet articles or toilet paper. He did receive three meals a day and could help himself to water from the sink in his cell.[12] Although the inmate in Wycoff was denuded entirely, we agree with the district court that that distinction in the context of all the facts and circumstances of this case, makes no constitutional difference. [13] The plaintiff in Wycoff, was “a sociopathic criminal who is violent and dangerous and who is a strong man physically.” He was confined in administrative segregation because he “engaged in assaultive conduct and destroyed or damaged state property.” While there he “threatened guards, screamed obscenities, destroyed considerable property, and threw urine and fecal matter on guards passing by his cell.” Finally, he was confined in the above described “strip cell” after he “destroyed his entire cell.” 577 F.2d at 1264. Clearly his confinement under those rigorous conditions was for practical and not punitive or vindictive reasons. Id. at 1266 n. 7. Cf. Kelly v. Brewer, 525 F.2d 394, 399 (8th Cir. 1975) (“Unlike punitive segregation, including punitive isolation which is imposed by way of punishment for past misconduct, administrative segregation is not punitive and it looks to the present and the future rather than to the past.”)[9] [14] This Court in Wycoff “condemn[ed] without reservation plaintiff’s confinement under the conditions that have been mentioned,” 572 F.2d at 1266, and stated that “today, confinement of a prison inmate in a cell under conditions described . . . would unquestionably be held unconstitutional . . . .” Id. at 1263 n. 5.[10] [15] Appellants cite Novak v. Beto, 453 F.2d 661, 666 (5th Cir. 1971), reh. denied, 456 F.2d 1304, cert. denied 409 U.S. 968, 93 S.Ct. 279, 34 L.Ed.2d 233 (1972), in support of the
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proposition that conditions of solitary confinement will not support a finding of cruel and unusual punishment so long as the basic elements of hygiene are provided for. We do not agree tha Novak supports such a broad proposition. Novak was a class action in which the entire system of solitary confinement of the Texas Department of Corrections was challenged as unconstitutional. The administration of solitary confinement there included provisions requiring inmates to be furnished “coveralls, a gown or some other form of clothing, i.e., tee shirt and undershorts, tee shirts and regulation trousers” and “the necessary number of blankets to keep them warm.”453 F.2d at 668. Under those circumstances, the court held, the district court did not err in concluding that solitary confinement as administered by the Texas Department of Corrections was constitutional.
[16] Moreover, it is clearly the law in this Circuit that clothing is a “basic necessity of human existence” which cannot be deprived in the same manner as a privilege an inmate may enjoy Finney v. Arkansas Board of Corrections, 505 F.2d 194, 207-8(8th Cir. 1974). Any deprivation of basic necessities takes on added importance where it occurs in a condition of solitary confinement. However, the reason for that resides not solely in the requisites of proper hygiene, but in that “the Eighth Amendment’s basic concept `is nothing less than the dignity of man.'” Jackson v. Bishop, 404 F.2d 571, 579 (8th Cir. 1968) citing Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100, 78 S.Ct. 590, 597, 2 L.Ed.2d 630 (1958). [17] The district court’s findings of fact in regard to the Eighth Amendment violation are not clearly erroneous.
[18] III. Remedy
[19] Appellants present two questions in regard to the district court’s award of damages. First, appellants contend, the district court erred in ignoring, “without comment,” the qualified immunity of prison officials established in Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U.S. 555, 98 S.Ct. 855, 55 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978). Second, appellants argue that the damages awarded by the district court were arbitrary and excessive.
[21] Contrary to appellants’ first contention, the district court did not ignore the issue of a qualified immunity, but rather observed that “the Eighth Circuit . . . pointed out six years ago [in Finney, supra] that prisoners placed in punitive isolation may not be deprived of basic necessities, including light, heat, ventilation, sanitation, clothing and a proper diet.” The district court expressly found that “the judgment . . . will be . . . against Messrs. Mason and Wright, both of whom knew about all of the details connected with Mr. Maxwell’s situation” and dismissed the claim against Warden Parratt because of insufficient evidence that he knew or should have known of the details of Maxwell’s confinement in “C” Gallery. Under the circumstances, it cannot be said that the district court erred in finding and concluding that appellants were not entitled to the protection of a good faith immunity. Compare Wycoff v. Brewer, 572 F.2d 1260, 1263 n. 5, 1267 (1978). [22] Appellants’ second contention is in two parts. First, that defendant Wright did not know of the constitutional violation for the same length of time as did defendant Mason and second, that $100.00 per day in compensatory damages is arbitrary and excessive. [23] The district court concluded that under the factual circumstances Wright wasThe official . . . will not be shielded from liability if he acts “with such disregard of the [plaintiff’s] clearly established constitutional rights that his actions cannot reasonably be characterized as being in good faith.” 420 U.S., at 322 . . . . The constitutional right infringed by [prison officials] was clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct, if they knew or should have known of that right, and if they knew or should have known that their conduct violated the constitutional norm. 434 U.S. at 562, 98 S.Ct. at 859.
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aware of all the details of Maxwell’s condition from the time of his transfer to “C” Gallery on September 6, 1981. The record establishes that Correctional Lieutenant Wright visited and conversed frequently with inmates in the Adjustment Center and that he was well aware of what went on there. Wright testified that he knew Maxwell was in the “dry cell” and that Maxwell’s clothing had been confiscated. He was uncertain only in regard to “exactly how long he was in there.” The record shows that Wright hand delivered an order from Deputy Warden Mason to Maxwell in “C” Gallery on September 13, and that as Chairman of the “Adjustment Committee” he presided at a hearing held September 15 at which Maxwell personally appeared, which related to two Misconduct Reports charged to Maxwell. The district court’s finding is not clearly erroneous in that it is fully supported by the record, and will not be disturbed on appeal. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). See McCluskey v. Board of Education, 662 F.2d 1263, at 1265 (8th Cir. 1981).
[24] In support of its argument that the damages awarded by the district court are excessive and arbitrary, appellants contend that the district court’s reliance upon Taylor v. Clement, 433 F. Supp. 585 (S.D.N.Y. 1977), and Wright v. McMann, 321 F. Supp. 127 (N.D.N.Y. 1970), rather than supporting damages in the amount of $1,400.00, actually indicates that the damages awarded are excessive. [25] Two of the plaintiffs in Taylor were awarded $1,750.00 damages and another plaintiff, $1,000.00. Fifteen hundred dollars were awarded the plaintiff in Wright. While it may be true that the per diem rate mentioned in Taylor was lower than the per diem rate mentioned by the district court in this case, the record shows that the judgment entered in plaintiff’s favor simply assessed damages in the “total amount of $1,400.00 plus payment of all taxable court costs incurred” against the defendants Thomas Mason and Jerry Wright. [26] Larkins v. Oswald, 510 F.2d 583 (2nd Cir. 1975), rejected a claim that a jury verdict in the amount of $1,000.00 for twelve days of solitary confinement was excessive. We cannot say as a matter of law that the trial court’s award of $1,400.00 damages was either arbitrary or excessive. [27] For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court.(8th Cir. 1968).” 505 F.2d at 212 n. 15.
We add that difficulties concerning the application of the “clearly erroneous” standard of Rule 52(a), see Nangle, The Ever Widening Scope of Fact Review in Federal Appellate Courts —Is the “Clearly Erroneous Rule” Being Avoided, 59 Wn.U.L.Q. 409 (1981), will be avoided by full and careful compliance with the requirements of Rule 52(a) by all district courts in this Circuit.
Moreover, appellants could offer no response at oral argument to this Court’s inquiry as to why the prison officials deprived Maxwell of his clothing and bedding. Appellants conceded that Maxwell was considered neither suicidal nor prone to violence.
(1978), it is material that a condition of confinement is imposed for punitive rather than administrative or protective reasons See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 2398, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981); Sweet v. South Carolina Dept. of Corrections, 529 F.2d 854, 861 (4th Cir. 1975); Kelly v. Brewer, 378 F. Supp. 447, 453 (S.D.Iowa 1974).
The distinction to be observed was well stated in Wycoff v. Brewer, 572 F.2d 1260, 1263 n. 5 (8th Cir. 1978):
The difference between confinement in a strip cell and confinement in ordinary administrative segregation was pointed up by the district court in its opinion in the Kelly case, supra. Attention should be called to the fact that the rigor of confinement in a strip cell was not particularly related to the cell itself but rather to the conditions of the confinement therein which could be changed for better or for worse by prison personnel.